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ADHD Medications – What Are the Side Effects? Many people suffering from ADHD are medicated. It can improve symptoms, but it could cause adverse negative side effects. If you experience adverse reactions, consult your GP about them. Stimulants are among the most popular type of prescription medication healthcare doctors prescribe to treat ADHD. These medicines increase levels of brain chemicals, also known as neurotransmitters that regulate attention and behaviour. Methylphenidate Methylphenidate is a stimulant of first choice used to treat ADHD in children and adults. It works by increasing activity in the parts of the brain that assist control attention and behaviour. Methylphenidate is also used to treat other conditions like narcolepsy. It can help people with narcolepsy to stay awake and improve their ability to focus and pay attention. This medication has a very high potential for abuse and is classified as a Schedule II drug in the US Drug Enforcement Agency. The medication is taken exactly as prescribed to decrease the chance of abuse and side negative effects. Methylphenidate may trigger psychotic symptoms for certain people. It can also exacerbate the behavior and tics of some people with Tourette's syndrome or bipolar disorder. Before taking this medication, those suffering from these conditions must tell their doctor. It's important to tell your doctor if there are any other health issues or are allergic to any foods or dyes (such as tartrazine, a yellow color present in processed foods and some medications; if you're taking Adhansia XR). Methylphenidate may interact with certain drugs, including opioid medicines antidepressants and monoamine oxidase inhibitors like isocarboxazid (Marplan) and linezolid (Zyvox), methylene blue, Phenelzine (Nardil), rasagiline (Azilect) selegiline (Eldepryl, Emsam, Zelapar) or tranylcypromine (Parnate). Avoid alcohol or other stimulants when taking methylphenidate. These drugs can have a harmful impact on your blood pressure or heart rate. The immediate-release methylphenidate tablet (Ritalin), the oral disintegrating capsule that acts long-term and chewable tablet (Quillichew-ER and Cotempla-XR-ODT), and the long acting chewable tablets (Quillichew-ER and Cotempla-XR-ODT) contain the chemical phenylalanine. This can be dangerous if a genetic condition known as phenylketonuria exists. Bupropion Bupropion is an antidepressant medication that works in the brain to improve mood and decrease symptoms of ADHD. It can also be used to treat depression and seasonal affective disorder (SAD), a type of depression that manifests in the fall and winter months. It is also used to help smokers quit by reducing the craving for nicotine and withdrawal symptoms. Bupropion has been shown to improve ADHD symptoms in adults in a variety of studies. The fixed-effect RR pooled for improvement in week 6 (using a clinically meaningful change of 30 percent or more on a CGI scale) is 1.14 (95% of the interval 0.95 to 1.37) and overall response the proportion of improved subjects was 52 percent in the bupropion treatment group compared with 37 percent in the placebo group. Bupropion can have serious and sometimes life-threatening interactions a number of different medications, including sedatives, antidepressants and some blood pressure medications. It may also increase the risk of having seizures in people with a history of seizure or high blood pressure. It is also not recommended for use in people with certain medical conditions. It is not recommended for women who are nursing or pregnant. Bupropion is available under the brand-name medications Wellbutrin SR, Wellbutrin XL, Zyban, Budeprion SR, Aplenzin, and Forfivo XL. It is also available as a generic drug. Tricyclic antidepressants Tricyclic Antidepressants, also known as TCAs are a type of drugs that function by altering brain chemicals. They were one of the first antidepressants to be developed, and although they are no longer considered a first-line treatment for depression, they are still effective in some people with other ailments. They work by blocking the reuptake of dopamine and serotonin, thereby increasing their availability within neurons. They can also be used to treat a variety of other disorders such as enuresis, pain syndromes like fibromyalgia, as well as phantom-limb syndrome. TCAs can be prescribed alone or in conjunction with stimulants, and they can have a positive impact on the symptoms of ADHD. They can improve core symptoms and decrease anxiety, depression and impulsiveness. In addition, they may aid in managing disorders like tics, which are repeated, uncontrollable movements or sounds like throat clearing or blinking. TCAs can trigger adverse effects, such as dry mouth and sedation and increase the risk of cardiovascular issues. These drugs can interfere with other medications such as anticholinergics, and should not be used by women who are pregnant. They are also known to be teratogenic in animals and can cross the placenta. Talk to your doctor if concerned. There are antidepressants that are more recent that have a lower risk of side negative effects. Selective serotonin Reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) The SSRIs are an antidepressant class of medications that inhibit serotonin reuptake within neurons and increase the amount of serotonin that is available to signal. They also help reduce anxiety and the tendency to be impulsive. They are commonly used to treat adhd since they can assist some people suffering from their symptoms and work well in conjunction with other drugs. Examples of SSRIs include fluoxetine, sertraline, paroxetine and citalopram. They have linear pharmacokinetics, and have a low clearance from the human body. However they are extensively metabolized by CYP450 enzymes in the liver. This results in variable blood levels. These medications are also prescribed to treat other disorders, such as major depressive disorder, bulimia nervosa, generalized anxiety disorder, panic disorder and posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). The SSRIs fluoxetine, escitalopram and sertraline may help to reduce PTSD fundamental symptoms. However, they don't seem to be effective for other PTSD symptoms. SSRIs can cause a rare side effect known as sexual dysfunction. If you are thinking about taking one of these drugs, it is important to talk with your doctor. Many people have to try several different kinds of ADHD medications before settling on the one that suits them. Medications are constantly being developed and researched. It is essential to inform your healthcare provider about all medications you use. Selective norepinephrine Reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs) If stimulant medications do not work for adults suffering from ADHD doctors prescribe a selective norepinephrine reuptake inhibit (SNRI). These medications increase levels of norepinephrine and serotonin, two brain chemical substances. They also improve mood, reduce anxiety and depression. SNRIs can cause similar negative effects to TCAs however they are less harmful. They are used to treat many ailments, including anxiety disorders as well as chronic pain, such as fibromyalgia and nerve pain. Sometimes they are used to treat depression in addition. The SNRIs include duloxetine (Cymbalta), and venlafaxine, (Effexor). These medications block the reabsorption of norepinephrine into the brain that is a normal procedure following neurotransmission. This results in a higher than normal phasic release. The increase in norepinephrine levels enhances mood and focus. The SNRIs haven't been approved by the FDA for the treatment of ADHD However, certain doctors prescribe them as an alternative stimulant. They are typically taken orally as pills but they can also be used as patches or liquids. medication for adults with add approved a SNRI for oral use, called viloxazine or Qelbree to treat ADHD among adolescents and children in April 2021. It is not a controlled substance since it doesn't have the potential to be abused. Serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs) SNRIs are antidepressants that affect the levels of serotonin and norepinephrine in the brain. They are used to treat anxiety and depression disorders, but also aid in controlling symptoms of ADHD. SNRI medications such as duloxetine and venlafaxine have been proven in numerous studies to significantly lower scores on various ADHD questionnaires. However, SNRIs can increase a person's blood pressure and could interact with certain medications. It is important to consult with a physician prior taking these drugs. Moreover, inappropriately discarded medication could cause harm to animals and people, so it is important to follow proper disposal instructions. SSRIs or SNRIs have not been approved by the FDA for treating ADHD, but doctors may prescribe them off-label. They are effective, safe and have less side effects than stimulants. Consult your doctor and discuss your child's symptoms. SNRIs may increase the levels of serotonin and norepinephrine, however, they are not appropriate for everyone. Women who are nursing or pregnant should not take SNRIs since they could pass through breast milk. Those who suffer from liver or blood pressure problems should not take these medications, either, since they can increase the risk of cardiovascular complications. Selective dopamine Reuptake inhibitors (DARPIs) Many people suffering from ADHD find medication helps them increase their concentration and focus. Some individuals may also notice a reduction in their impulsive behavior. The medication is usually used with behavioral therapy and training to help people understand how to manage their symptoms. It takes time to find the right medication and dose for each individual. During this time doctors will be monitoring the physical reactions of patients to find an equilibrium between the effects of side effects and the benefits. Stimulant medications, such as methylphenidate, enhance the activity of certain brain chemicals that regulate memory and attention. They are generally safe and beneficial for the majority of people, however, they may cause serious side effects, including decreased appetite and difficulty sleeping. These effects typically subside within a few days as your body adjusts to the medication. Adults and children can also take non-stimulant medicines. They may take longer to take effect but they can enhance the ability to control impulses and concentration. They can include alpha-2 adrenergic receptors (atomoxetine viloxazine) and guanfacine hydrochloride. Antidepressants are also able to help treat ADHD. They can increase norepinephrine, a neurotransmitter in the brain that aids in mood swings and depression. Bupropion is an example an antidepressant employed to treat ADHD. It was initially prescribed “off-label” for ADHD, but drugmakers eventually developed extended-release versions and the FDA approved the drug as a treatment for this condition.